function mergeSort(arr) {
  if (arr.length <= 1) return arr;
  
  const mid = Math.floor(arr.length / 2);
  const left = mergeSort(arr.slice(0, mid));
  const right = mergeSort(arr.slice(mid));
  
  return merge(left, right);
}

class TreeNode {
  constructor(val) {
    this.val = val;
    this.left = null;
    this.right = null;
  }
}

function binarySearch(arr, target) {
  let left = 0, right = arr.length - 1;
  
  while (left <= right) {
    const mid = Math.floor((left + right) / 2);
    if (arr[mid] === target) return mid;
    if (arr[mid] < target) left = mid + 1;
    else right = mid - 1;
  }
  return -1;
}

const quickSort = (arr) => {
  if (arr.length <= 1) return arr;
  const pivot = arr[arr.length - 1];
  const left = arr.filter((x, i) => x <= pivot && i < arr.length - 1);
  const right = arr.filter(x => x > pivot);
  return [...quickSort(left), pivot, ...quickSort(right)];
};